[89] Entrepreneurs such as Montgomery Bell used slaves in the production of iron in the Western Highland Rim, and slaves also cultivated such crops as tobacco and corn throughout the Highland Rim. [98] On June 8, with Middle Tennesseans having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum on secession by a 6931% margin, becoming the last state to secede. [79] These soldiers, under Andrew Jackson's command, played a major role in the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, the last major battle of the war. [27][28] By the early 18th century, most Natives in Tennessee had disappeared, most likely wiped out by diseases introduced by the Spaniards. [244], Tennessee is divided into 95 counties, each of which has a county seat. [240] The state annually averages about 50 days of thunderstorms, which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. [3] Tennessee has the most caves in the United States, with more than 10,000 documented. [233], Common mammals found throughout Tennessee include white-tailed deer, red and gray foxes, coyotes, raccoons, opossums, wild turkeys, rabbits, and squirrels. [255], According to the 2010 census, 6.4% of Tennessee's population were under age5, 23.6% were under 18, and 13.4% were 65 or older. [252], The 2020 United States census reported Tennessee's population at 6,910,840, an increase of 564,735, or 8.90%, since the 2010 census. [77][78], Tennessee reportedly earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" during the War of 1812, when 3,500 Tennesseans answered a recruitment call by the General Assembly for the war effort. [290][295] The Nashville Basin is a top equestrian region, due to soils that produce grass favored by horses. [40][41] In 1739, the French constructed Fort Assumption under Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville on the Mississippi River at the present location of Memphis, which they used as a base against the Chickasaw during the 1739 Campaign of the Chickasaw Wars. [138], Sgt. [359], The state enrolls approximately 1 million K12 students in 137 districts. [187] Its lowest point, 178 feet (54m), is on the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line in Memphis. [118] The Radical Republicans seized control of the state government toward the end of the war, and appointed William G. "Parson" Brownlow governor. [58] In 1779, James Robertson and John Donelson led two groups of settlers from the Washington District to the French Lick. [48][49] Most of them were English, but nearly 20% were Scotch-Irish. [272] Muslims and Jews each make up about 1% of the population, and adherents of other religions make up about 3% of the population. [202] The Cumberland Mountains, with peaks above 3,500 feet (1,100m), comprise the northeastern part of the Appalachian Plateau in Tennessee, and the southeastern part of the Cumberland Plateau is divided by the Sequatchie Valley. [209], West of the Highland Rim is the Western Tennessee Valley, which consists of about 10 miles (16km) in width of hilly land along the banks of the Tennessee River. [360] In 2021, the four-year high school graduation rate was 88.7%, a decrease of 1.2% from the previous year. An agreement to sell land for the Transylvania Colony, which included the territory in Tennessee north of the Cumberland River, was also signed. WebTennessee State Government - TN.gov The Tennessee Conservationist Holiday Offer Request Your Free 2022 TN Vacation Guide Find a COVID-19 Vaccine Appointment Hub for Learning and Teaching Fiscal Year 2022-23 Budget The Tennessee Conservationist Holiday Offer Save on Conservationist Magazine Subscriptions! [312] The research and development industry in Tennessee is also one of the largest employment sectors, mainly due to the prominence of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the Y-12 National Security Complex in the city of Oak Ridge. This area consists of linear parallel ridges separated by valleys that trend northeast to southwest, the general direction of the entire Appalachian range. Of the foreign-born population, approximately 42.7% were naturalized citizens and 57.3% non-citizens. [120] Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment before its readmission to the Union, it was the only former secessionist state that did not have a military governor during Reconstruction. WebGet Your Free 2022 Tennessee Vacation Guide Get the latest on all of the music experiences and attractions across the state. Senator from Tennessee, failed to carry his home state, an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support. [217] Its principal branches in Tennessee are the Obey, Caney Fork, Stones, Harpeth, and Red rivers. [44][45] Hostilities erupted between the British and the Cherokees into an armed conflict, and a siege of the fort ended with its surrender in 1760. Most cities and towns use the weak mayor-council (mayor-aldermen), strong-mayor council, city commission, or councilmanager forms of government. Other major cities include Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Clarksville. [93] In 1860, slaves composed about 25% of Tennessee's population, the lowest share among the states that joined the Confederacy. [260], With the exception of a slump in the 1980s, Tennessee has been one of the fastest-growing states in the nation since 1970, benefiting from the larger Sun Belt phenomenon. km, the State of Tennessee is located in the South-Eastern region of the United States. [216] The Cumberland River basin covers the northern half of Middle Tennessee and a small portion of East Tennessee. [456] Founded in 2009, Chattanooga FC began playing in the third-tier National Independent Soccer Association in 2020. Get It Now Start Planning Tap Add to Trip on anything you like. Paleo-Indians are believed to have hunted and camped in what is now Tennessee as early as 12,000 years ago. [356], Education in Tennessee is administered by the Tennessee Department of Education. [142] Scopes was prosecuted by former Secretary of State and presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan and defended by attorney Clarence Darrow. [373] Tennessee has 43 full-power and 41 low-power television stations[374] and more than 450 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-licensed radio stations. [383][381], Major airports in Tennessee include Nashville International Airport (BNA), Memphis International Airport (MEM), McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) outside of Knoxville, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI) in Blountville, and McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport (MKL) in Jackson. [371], Tennessee is home to more than 120 newspapers. [71] In June 1795, the legislature conducted a census of the territory, which recorded a population of 77,263, including 10,613 slaves, and a poll that showed 6,504 in favor of statehood and 2,562 opposed. [292][293] Tennessee ranks seventh in the nation in cotton production, most of which is grown in the fertile soils of central West Tennessee. Motivation is the No. [329] Tennessee was also a top producer of phosphate until the early 1990s. WebPaleo-Indians are believed to have hunted and camped in what is now Tennessee as early as 12,000 years ago. [225], Forests cover about 52% of Tennessee's land area, with oakhickory the dominant type. [139] On July 9, 1918, Tennessee suffered the worst rail accident in U.S. history when two passenger trains collided head on in Nashville, killing 101 and injuring 171. [377][378], Tennessee has 96,167 miles (154,766km) of roads, of which 14,109 miles (22,706km) are maintained by the state. I-155 is a branch route of I-55 that serves the northwestern part of the state. Useful content regarding Tennessee State Government and Governor Bill Haslam, as well as local government resources and state employee-related information. [147] The TVA built several hydroelectric dams in the state in the 1930s and 1940s, which inundated communities and thousands of farmland acreage, and forcibly displaced families via eminent domain. [88] Cotton planters used extensive slave labor on large plantation complexes in West Tennessee's fertile and flat terrain after the Jackson Purchase. Find information motor vehicle registration in Tennessee. [201] The plateau's eastern edge is relatively distinct, but the western escarpment is irregular, containing several long, crooked stream valleys separated by rocky cliffs with numerous waterfalls. Small sections of the Huntsville, Alabama and Paducah, Kentucky-Cape Girardeau, Missouri-Harrisburg, Illinois markets also extend into the state. [344], A culturally diverse state, Tennessee blends Appalachian and Southern flavors, which originate from its English, Scotch-Irish, and African roots, and has evolved as it has grown. A local activist group spent many years contesting the project, and in 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court sided with the group and established the framework for judicial review of government agencies in the landmark case of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Find out more The Nashville Sounds, which began play in 1978,[449] and Memphis Redbirds, which began in 1998,[450] each compete in the International League at the Triple-A level, the highest before Major League Baseball. [16] Tennessee ranks 12th in the nation for the number of cattle, with more than half of its farmland dedicated to cattle grazing. The Chattanooga Mocs and Johnson City's East Tennessee State Buccaneers are full members, including football, of the Southern Conference. The assessment ratio is 40% of the value times the jurisdiction's tax rate. [313][154] The technology sector is also a rapidly growing industry in Middle Tennessee, particularly in the Nashville metropolitan area. With the help of Northern investors, Chattanooga became one of the first industrialized cities in the South. [304] In addition, the state contains more than 900 automotive suppliers. [146] As part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created in 1933 to provide electricity, jobs, flood control, improved waterway navigation, agricultural development, and economic modernization to the Tennessee River Valley. [333][334][335] Its top tourist attraction is the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most visited national park in the U.S., with more than 14 million visitors annually. [248], Nashville is Tennessee's capital and largest city, with nearly 700,000 residents. Get It Now Start Planning Tap Add to Trip on anything you like. As a result, Tennessee was the last state to secede and the first readmitted to the Union after the war.[14]. 1 thing for teams, and Mississippi State had plenty. [39] By the late 17th century, French traders began to explore the Cumberland River valley, and in 1714, under Charles Charleville's command, established French Lick, a fur trading settlement at the present location of Nashville near the Cumberland River. [352] The 1927 Victor recording sessions in Bristol generally mark the beginning of the country music genre and the rise of the Grand Ole Opry in the 1930s helped make Nashville the center of the country music recording industry. [403] Tennessee is divided into 31 judicial districts, each with a circuit and chancery court, and a district attorney and judges elected to eight-year terms. To pay off debts and alleviate overcrowded prisons, the state turned to convict leasing, providing prisoners to mining companies as strikebreakers, which was protested by miners forced to compete with the system. [429] For most of the second half of the 20th century, Tennessee was a swing state in presidential elections. Many consider Memphis's Beale Street the epicenter of the blues, with musicians such as W. C. Handy performing in its clubs as early as 1909. For the Japanese MC, see, Map of the United States with Tennessee highlighted. All of these except the Times Free Press are owned by Gannett. [399], Tennessee's highest court is the state Supreme Court. [337][338] Other top attractions include the Tennessee State Museum and Parthenon in Nashville; the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis; Lookout Mountain, the Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel, Ruby Falls, and the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; the American Museum of Science and Energy in Oak Ridge, the Bristol Motor Speedway, Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg, and the Hiwassee and Ocoee rivers in Polk County. [79] Several Tennesseans took part in the Texas Revolution of 183536, including Governor Sam Houston and Congressman and frontiersman Davy Crockett, who was killed at the Battle of the Alamo. [325][326][327] Mining activities in the basin resulted in a major environmental disaster, which left the surrounding landscape barren for more than a century. [151][152] The Clinton Engineer Works was established as the production arm of the Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, which enriched uranium at three major facilities for use in atomic bombs. I-275 is a short spur route in Knoxville. The geography of Tennessee is unique. [50] They formed the Watauga Association in 1772, a semi-autonomous representative government,[51] and three years later reorganized themselves into the Washington District to support the cause of the American Revolutionary War. [214][215], Tennessee is drained by three major rivers, the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi. Tennessee has diverse terrain and landforms, and from east to west, contains a mix of cultural features characteristic of Appalachia, the Upland South, and the Deep South. [185][186] Other regions include the southern tip of the Cumberland Mountains, the Western Tennessee Valley, and the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Snowfall ranges from 5 inches (13cm) in West Tennessee to over 80 inches (200cm) in East Tennessee's highest mountains. The TWRA is an independent agency tasked with enforcing all wildlife, boating, and fishery regulations outside of state parks. The husband of the Tennessee police officer fired for having sex with six of her coworkers is standing by his wife, the Daily Mail reported Friday. [321] Tennessee is the nation's leading producer of ball clay. [108] The Confederates were driven from the city at the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge in November 1863. [218] Its tributaries are the Obion, Forked Deer, Hatchie, Loosahatchie, and Wolf rivers. [102], General Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in February 1862 at the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. [94] Tennessee provided more Union troops than any other Confederate state, and the second-highest number of Confederate troops, behind Virginia. Because Memphis International Airport is the hub of FedEx Corporation, it is the world's busiest cargo airport. [376] Tennessee is currently one of five states with no transportation-related debts. These served to disenfranchise most African Americans, and their power in state and local politics was markedly reduced. [457] The state has one minor league ice hockey team: the Knoxville Ice Bears, which began play in 2002 and are members of the Southern Professional Hockey League. [455] Chattanooga Red Wolves SC has been a member of the third-tier USL League One since 2019. WebTennessee Back to Help Center BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee General Inquiries 1-423-535-5600 BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee 1 Cameron Hill Circle Chattanooga, TN 37402 www.bcbst.com Customer Service 1-423-535-5707 1-800-572-1003 Weekdays from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Eastern time Precertification 1-800-228-2096 [12] Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later the Southwest Territory, before its admission to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. [155] Between February and May 1960, a series of sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville organized by the Nashville Student Movement resulted in the desegregation of facilities in the city. [321] Bituminous coal is mined in small quantities in the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains. [66] Administration of the territory was divided between the Washington District and the Mero District, the latter of which consisted of the Cumberland Association and was named for Spanish territorial governor Esteban Rodrguez Mir. Covering an area of 109,247 sq. [283] The Hall income tax was imposed on most dividends and interest at a rate of 6% but was completely phased out by 2021. [322], Tennessee has very little petroleum and natural gas reserves, but is home to one oil refinery, in Memphis. [221], Tennessee is within a temperate deciduous forest biome commonly known as the Eastern Deciduous Forest. Lee's 2nd term inauguration scheduled for Jan. 21. [183] An 1818 survey erroneously placed Tennessee's southern border 1 mile (1.6km) south of the 35th parallel; Georgia legislators continue to dispute this placement, as it prevents Georgia from accessing the Tennessee River. [167][168] Tennessee celebrated its bicentennial in 1996 with a yearlong celebration called "Tennessee 200". The state's border with North Carolina roughly follows the highest peaks of this range, including Clingmans Dome. Tennessee's population as of the 2020 United States census is approximately 6.9 million. [180] Due to flooding of the Mississippi that has changed its path, the state's western boundary deviates from the river in some places. [25] Later generations of Woodland peoples constructed the first mounds. [66] The act allowed the territory to petition for statehood once the population reached 60,000. Tennessee is under the jurisdiction of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, which has jurisdiction over three district courts in the state: the Eastern, Middle, and Western districts. Generally, the state has hot summers and mild to cool winters with generous precipitation throughout the year. In the early 1900s, the state legislature approved legislation allowing cities to adopt a commission form of government based on at-large voting as a means to limit African American political participation. Secretary Hargett is the chief executive officer of the Department of State with oversight of more than 300 employees. In East Tennessee, most people favored remaining in the Union. [192][193] The Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone spans the entirety of East Tennessee from northwestern Alabama to southwestern Virginia, and is considered one of the most active zones in the Southeastern United States, frequently producing low-magnitude earthquakes. [262], In 2020, 6.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race), up from 4.6% in 2010. [249] Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city and Nashville's largest suburb, with more than 150,000 residents. [357] The state also has many private schools. [203], West of the Cumberland Plateau is the Highland Rim, an elevated plain that surrounds the Nashville Basin, a geological dome. [177], Tennessee's eastern boundary roughly follows the highest crests of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and the Mississippi River forms its western boundary. [47] But migration across the mountains continued, and the first permanent European settlers began arriving in northeastern Tennessee in the late 1760s. [273] Several Protestant denominations have their headquarters in Tennessee, including the Southern Baptist Convention and National Baptist Convention (in Nashville); the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (in Memphis);[274] and the Church of God and the Church of God of Prophecy (in Cleveland);[275][276] and the National Association of Free Will Baptists (in Antioch). [351], Tennessee has played a critical role in the development of many forms of American popular music, including blues, country, rock and roll, rockabilly, soul, bluegrass, Contemporary Christian, and gospel. In the southeast U.S. region that includes Tennessee, the Kraken strain is the second-most prevalent strain, making up about 31% of all cases, CDC data show. The husband of the Tennessee police officer fired for having sex with six of her coworkers is standing by his wife, the Daily Mail reported Friday. [156] On April 4, 1968, James Earl Ray assassinated civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis. The Bulldogs jumped out to a fast start and were clearly motivated after getting shell-shocked by Tennessee a few games ago. [459], Tennessee is also home to the Bristol Motor Speedway, which features NASCAR Cup Series racing two weekends a year, routinely selling out more than 160,000 seats on each date. As observed on the map, the varied ranges of the Appalachian Mountain system geographically dominate the eastern third of Tennessee and include the Bald, Great Smoky, Holston, Stone, Unaka, and Unicoi mountains. Tennessee has 33.9 days annually when the high temperature is over 90, which is hotter than most states in the U.S. The TBI is the primary state-level criminal investigative department. [382][200] I-40's branch interstates include I-240 in Memphis; I-440 in Nashville; I-840 around Nashville; I-140 from Knoxville to Maryville; and I-640 in Knoxville. Large corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx, AutoZone, International Paper, and First Horizon Corporation, all based in Memphis; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group in Knoxville; Hospital Corporation of America based in Nashville; Unum in Chattanooga; Acadia Senior Living and Community Health Systems in Franklin; Dollar General in Goodlettsville, and LifePoint Health, Tractor Supply Company, and Delek US in Brentwood. The executive branch is led by the governor, who holds office for a four-year term and may serve a maximum of two consecutive terms. [91][92], At the onset of the American Civil War, most Middle and West Tennesseans favored efforts to preserve their slavery-based economies, but many Middle Tennesseans were initially skeptical of secession. Find out more Chattanooga became one of the first industrial cities in the south in the decades after the Civil War, when many factories, including iron foundries, steel mills, and textile mills were constructed there. About 59.7% of the electricity generated in Tennessee produces no greenhouse gas emissions. [59] These settlers constructed Fort Nashborough, which they named for Francis Nash, a brigadier general of the Continental Army. [259] The foreign-born population consisted of approximately 49.9% from Latin America, 27.1% from Asia, 11.9% from Europe, 7.7% from Africa, 2.7% from Northern America, and 0.6% from Oceania. TDEC enforces state environmental laws and regulations. This town appeared on British maps as early as 1725. Numerous African Americans were elected to local offices, and some to state office. [349] Memphis was historically home to Sun Records, where musicians such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, and Charlie Rich began their recording careers, and where rock and roll took shape in the 1950s. [358] Public primary and secondary education systems are operated by county, city, or special school districts to provide education at the local level, and operate under the direction of the Tennessee Department of Education. [144] In 1926, Congress authorized the establishment of a national park in the Great Smoky Mountains, which was officially established in 1934 and dedicated in 1940. Alvin C. York of Fentress County became one of the most famous and honored American soldiers of World War I. [188], Geological formations in Tennessee largely correspond with the state's topographic features, and, in general, decrease in age from east to west. [109] Despite Unionist sentiment in East Tennessee, Confederates held the area for most of the war. UT Martin and Tennessee Tech will remain in the OVC, while Peay will move to the ASUN. The husband of the Tennessee police officer fired for having sex with six of her coworkers is standing by his wife, the Daily Mail reported Friday. [279] In 2020, the state's per capita personal income was $30,869. Additional important products manufactured in Tennessee include fabricated metal products, electrical equipment, consumer electronics and electrical appliances, and nonelectrical machinery. Wells, Nikki Giovanni, Shelby Foote, Ann Patchett, Ishmael Reed, and Randall Jarrell. [165] Also known as the Knoxville International Energy Exposition, the fair's theme was "Energy Turns the World". Tennessee has a total of 976 miles (1,571km) of navigable waterways, the 11th highest in the nation. [277] Nashville has publishing houses of several denominations. [395], The bicameral legislative branch, the Tennessee General Assembly, consists of the 33-member Senate and the 99-member House of Representatives. [119], The years after the Civil War were characterized by tension and unrest between blacks and former Confederates, the worst of which occurred in Memphis in 1866. Discover the best road trip destinations, new places to eat and more in your free printed guide or e-guide. [291][290] Soybeans and corn are the state's first and second-most common crops, respectively,[16] and are most heavily grown in West and Middle Tennessee, especially the northwestern corner of the state. [271], Tennessee is included in most definitions of the Bible Belt, and is ranked as one of the nation's most religious states. The Bulldogs jumped out to a fast start and were clearly motivated after getting shell-shocked by Tennessee a few games ago. [74] During this convention, the name Tennessee was chosen for the new state. Department of Revenue David Gerregano, Commissioner 500 Deaderick Street Nashville, TN 37242 Department Contact Information [249] In addition to the major cities, the Tri-Cities of Kingsport, Bristol, and Johnson City are considered the sixth major population center. A few days after the fall of Chattanooga, Confederates led by James Longstreet unsuccessfully campaigned to take control of Knoxville by attacking Union General Ambrose Burnside's Fort Sanders. The Tennessee River begins at the juncture of the Holston and French Broad rivers in Knoxville, flows southwest to Chattanooga, and exits into Alabama before reemerging in the western part of the state and flowing north into Kentucky. In every county except Davidson, the sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer. [340] Tennessee is home to eight National Scenic Byways, including the Natchez Trace Parkway, the East Tennessee Crossing Byway, the Great River Road, the Norris Freeway, Cumberland National Scenic Byway, Sequatchie Valley Scenic Byway, The Trace, and the Cherohala Skyway. km, the State of Tennessee is located in the South-Eastern region of the United States. "[134][135], Due to increasing racial segregation and poor standards of living, many black Tennesseans fled to industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest as part of the first wave of the Great Migration between 1915 and 1930. It is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Safety. [422] The second has been held continuously by Republicans or their antecedents since 1855. [195], The southwestern Blue Ridge Mountains lie within Tennessee's eastern edge, and are divided into several subranges, namely the Great Smoky Mountains, Bald Mountains, Unicoi Mountains, Unaka Mountains, and Iron Mountains. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1864-1872, November 18, 1864, Image 2", "As Georgia becomes a blue wedge in the Deep South, Tennessee cleaves tighter to the GOP", "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020", "Howard Baker: Lessons From The 'Great Conciliator', "Loss In Home State Leaves Gore Depending on Florida", "Battleground no longer: Here's the Almanac of American Politics' overview of Tennessee", "Tennessee: McCain Leads Both Democrats by Double Digits", "New lieutenant governor outlines areas of interest", "Republicans claim majority in state House", "Tennessee Republicans, Once Moderate and Genteel, Turn Toxic in the Trump Era", "Tennessee Presidential Election Voting History", "Tennessee Voter Surveys: How Different Groups Voted", "Houston Oilers/Tennessee Oilers/Tennessee Titans Team Encyclopedia", "International League (AAA) Encyclopedia and History", "Southern League (AA) Encyclopedia and History", "Chattanooga Football Club Announces It Will Be Joining a Professional Soccer League", "Knoxville Ice Bears Minor League Hockey Statistics and Roster", "7 historical facts you need to know about Bristol Motor Speedway", "Fans cheer NASCAR's return to Nashville Superspeedway", "Iroquois Steeplechase is a historical tradition", "PGA Tour expected to announce plans for a WGC event in Memphis on Thursday", Tennessee Department of Tourist Development, Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Tennessee State Profile and Energy Estimates, List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&oldid=1133821191, Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Tennessee Cities (F), This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 18:00. [336], The National Park Service preserves four Civil War battlefields in Tennessee: Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Stones River National Battlefield, Shiloh National Military Park, and Fort Donelson National Battlefield. [97] After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April and Lincoln's call for troops in response, the legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederacy on May 7, 1861. The state is twice bisected by the Tennessee River, and the Mississippi River forms its western border. [366] The Tennessee Promise was created as part of then-governor Bill Haslam's "Drive to 55" program, which set a goal of increasing the number of college-educated residents to at least 55% of the state's population. Most caves in the South [ 321 ] Tennessee has the most caves in U.S. Free printed Guide or e-guide ] on April 4, 1968, James Earl assassinated. 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