and books aren't burned or banned, The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has no intention, nor is it going to take any action whatsoever, to threaten the life of the author of The Satanic Verses or anybody associated with his work, nor will it encourage or assist anybody to do so".[2]. Vacation Rental Filters are an easy way to help you personalize your search to find the ideal rental in Palm Springs . For the controversy surrounding the religious verses, see, "The Rushdie Affair" redirects here. Non-being. He is a mercy for those among you who believe.' Only al-Wald bin al-Mughra, who was an aged shaykh and could not make prostration, scooped up in his hand some of the soil from the valley of Mecca [and pressed it to his forehead]. Then everybody dispersed from the mosque. [16], Building on Rubin's views, Sean Anthony has proposed that an early tradition attributed to Urwa b. al-Zubayr about the mass conversion and prostration of the Meccans but which does not mention the satanic verses was at a later stage connected with Q. In New York, the office of a community newspaper, The Riverdale Press, was all but destroyed by firebombs following the publication of an editorial defending the right to read the novel and criticizing the bookstores that pulled it from their shelves. 1. Al-Lt, al-'Uzz, and Mant were three pre-Islamic Arabian goddesses worshipped by the Meccans. This was the final break with the Quraysh. Gibreel and Saladin meet on a flight from Bombay (Mumbai) to London, and the plane is hijacked by Sikh terrorists. Persians take this news with some scepticism as the foundation is "widely known" to be bankrupt. [43] Abdallah al-Mushidd, head of Azhar's Fatw Council stated "We must try the author in a legal fashion as Islam does not accept killing as a legal instrument". Gibreel Farishta is a successful film actor who has suffered a recent bout of mental illness and who is in love with an English mountain climber, Alleluia Cone. Farishta is a Bollywood superstar who specialises in playing Hindu deities (the character is partly based on Indian film stars Amitabh Bachchan and N. T. Rama Rao). The Satanic Verses - read free eBook by Salman Rushdie in online reader directly on the web page. [87], The author of the book himself was not immediately killed or injured as many militants wished, but visibly frustrated by a life locked in 24-hour armed guard alternately defiant against his would-be killers and attempting overtures of reconciliation against the death threat. [22], After the book was first published in the United Kingdom (in September 1988), there were protests by Muslims that predominantly took place in India and the UK. One such possibility, Welch says, is that the story is of a historical telescoping nature: "that a situation that was known by Muhammad's contemporaries to have lasted for a long period of time later came to be encapsulated in a story that restricts his acceptance of intercession through these goddesses to a brief period of time and places the responsibility for this departure from a strict monotheism on Satan. She entices all her village community to embark on a foot pilgrimage to Mecca, claiming that they will be able to walk across the Arabian Sea. Burroughs. The narrator gives some background on the two men. (2018). page 307 of the satanic verses made me cry. The novel weaves together different narratives spread across hundreds of years, framed by the story of two competing Indian Muslim actors. Clearly, Rushdie's interests centrally include explorations of how migration heightens one's awareness that perceptions of reality are relative and fragile, and of the nature of religious faith and revelation, not to mention the political manipulation of religion. Thread Reader helps you discover and read the best of Twitter Threads Despite incitement to murder being illegal in the United Kingdom,[42] one London property developer told reporters, "If I see him, I will kill him straight away. He abrogated what Satan had cast upon his tongue in referring to their gods: 'They are the high-flying cranes whose intercession is accepted [sic]'. The journalist and author Andy McSmith wrote at the time "We are witnessing, I fear, the birth of a new and dangerously illiberal 'liberal' orthodoxy designed to accommodate Dr Akhtar and his fundamentalist friends. We were expecting some verse that showed evidence of Jack Dorsey summoning demons through Satanic worship, but we found none. Rubin claims that apparently "the allusion to the participation of the mushrikn emphasises how overwhelming and intense the effect of this sra was on those attending". That is, 'you are just like other prophets and apostles. [12]:294,300, According to Ibn Taymiyyah: "The early Islamic Scholars (Salaf) collectively considered the Verses of Cranes in accordance with Quran. The Satanic Verses pdf book was awarded with Man Booker Prize Nominee (1988), Whitbread Award for Novel (1988). He possessed otherwise. The story appears in al-Tabari, who includes Ibn Ishaq in the chain of transmission, but not in Ibn Hisham, who admits in the preface of his text that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people". Judges Don't Agree", "Swedish Academy members granted leave after scandal", Japanese Translator of Rushdie Book Found Slain, "Revived fatwa puts $3m bounty on Rushdie", "Despite controversy, govt says won't stop Rushdie", "Salman Rushdie not to attend Jaipur Literature Festival", "Jaipur Literature Festival: Even a virtual Rushdie is unwelcome for Rajasthan govt", "Salman Rushdie shadow on Jaipur Literature Festival: 4 authors who read from, "Salman Rushdie: Iranian media raise more money for fatwa", "Author Salman Rushdie attacked on stage in New York", "Salman Rushdie Updates: Update from Elizabeth A. Harris", "Salman Rushdie taken off ventilator as 'road to recovery' begins, agent says", "Salman Rushdie off ventilator, condition improving after attack on stage, agent says", "Freedom of Speech: Wilders, Orwell, and the "Koran Ban", Postcolonial Intellectuals in Europe: Academics, Artists, Activists and their Publics, Salman Rushdie: An Anthology of 21st-century Criticism, Rushdie Affair in Oxford Islamic Studies Online, Notes on Salman Rushdie: The Satanic Verses, Salman Rushdie interviewed by Shikha Dalmia, Protest outside the Danish embassy in London, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom, Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iran, Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, 2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel, 2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel, 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran, Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih), Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights, Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 19811991, Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 19922002, The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses_controversy&oldid=1126367907, Articles with dead external links from June 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles with disputed statements from September 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Pages using navbox columns without the first column, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. (IRNA 14 February 1989) (Pipes, 1990, p. 129), Robin Lustig, Martin Bailey, Simon de Bruxelles and Ian Mather The Guardian newspapers story of events around the Book. [123] The affair however led to greater caution and some degree of self-censorship when dealing with Islamic issues in the literary and other creative arts. In some sense, he replaces Allah; after all, he explicitly reminds us that as . [1] The verses praise the three pagan Meccan goddesses: al-Lt, al-'Uzz, and Mant and can be read in early prophetic biographies of Muhammad by al-Wqid, Ibn Sa'd and the tafsir of al-Tabar. To see this page as it is meant to appear please use a Javascript enabled browser. Iran has rejected requests to withdraw the fatwa on the basis that only the person who issued it may withdraw it. Asian Survey, Vol. sound except that the chain of narration ends at the successor instead of a companion of the prophet). It describes him as having "grown monstrous, lying in the palace forecourt with his mouth yawning open at the gates; as the people march through the gates he swallows them whole". Article "Iran suggests an apology could save life of Rushdie; Rushdie controversy". Rushdie responded to Indias banning of The Satanic Verses by saying that the book isnt actually about Islam, but about migration, metamorphosis, divided selves, love, death, London and Bombay. The thematically complex work earned Rushdie a Whitbread Book Award for novel of the year, and it was short-listed for the Booker Prize, both in 1988. Extensive media coverage and debate. The two men crawl onto the coast, and Saladin is arrested as an illegal immigrant. Commentators wrote that it meant "the cranes". 296 pages. British Labour MP Keith Vaz led a march through Leicester shortly after he was elected in 1989 calling for the book to be banned, while the Conservative politician Norman Tebbit, the party's former chairman, called Rushdie an "outstanding villain" whose "public life has been a record of despicable acts of betrayal of his upbringing, religion, adopted home and nationality". It is sheer blasphemy to say that satanic forces can influence the messengers of Allah.[24][25]. [118] He saw a need to be "sensitive to the concern and anger" of Muslims and thought severing diplomatic relations with Iran would be an "overreaction". Muslims. [119], Among authors, Roald Dahl was scathing and called Rushdie's book sensationalist and Rushdie "a dangerous opportunist". Find and list Australian Looking To borrow Money? [12], On 12 February 1989, a 10,000-strong protest against Rushdie and the book took place in Islamabad, Pakistan. Later, Gibreel and Saladin meet at a party, and Saladin decides to kill him. One of the sequences is a fictionalised narration of the life of Muhammad (called "Mahound" or "the Messenger" in the novel) in Jahilia. The most comprehensive argument presented against the factuality of the incident came in Qadi Iyad's ash-Shifa'. Belief that fictional elements of the novel were not flights of imagination but lies. Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi commenting on Quran 22:52 in his Tafsir al-Kabir stated that the "people of verification" declared the story as an outright fabrication, citing supporting arguments from the Qur'an, Sunnah and reason. The novel contains some fictionalized allusions to Islamic history, which provoked both controversy and outrage. [further explanation needed] Burton supports his theory by the fact that Tabari does not discuss the story in his exegesis of the verse 53:20, but rather in 22:52. "Language is courage: the ability to conceive a thought, to speak it, and by doing so to make it true." - Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses. "When Europeans saw that their economic interests in Muslim countries could be damaged, they began to correct their position on the issue of the insulting book. prostration when reciting the Qur'n) traditions found in the authoritative mussanaf hadth collections, including the Sunni canonical ones of Bukhri and Tirmidh. However it was not explained how that chapter could support such a judgement. Known as the Satanic verses, these praises to the pagan deities contradict the Islamic belief that Allah is one and absolute. [11] His second book Midnight's Children angered Indira Gandhi because it seemed to suggest "that Mrs. Gandhi was responsible for the death of her husband through neglect". satanic verses page 307. leann hunley kinder. The frame narrative, like many other stories by Rushdie, involves Indian expatriates in contemporary England. Topics salman Collection opensource Language English. Since John Wansbrough's contributions to the field in the early 1970s, though, scholars have become much more attentive to the emergent nature of early Islam, and less willing to accept back-projected claims of continuity: To those who see the tradition as constantly evolving and supplying answers to question that it itself has raised, the argument that there would be no reason to develop and transmit material which seems derogatory of the Prophet or of Islam is too simple. He whispered backwards on our rock albums. Here is page 307 : Exterm inador . The principle of the independence of literature from political control is of fundamental importance for civilisation and must be defended against attacks by avengers and the adherents of censorship. 2.The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was infallible with regard to the conveying of his Message. Saladin is transformed into the devil as he falls, and he later grows horns and goat legs with cloven hoofs. "[22] Different responses have developed concerning the account. [12], The Satanic Verses was published by Viking Penguin on 26 September 1988 in the UK, and on 22 February 1989 in the US. Many modern Muslim scholars have rejected the story.[who?] Later, the logic of the era of hadith collections and subsequent orthodoxy required an infallible prophet. And about the third deity, al-Mant?". [44] Thus, according to Rubin, "the story of the single polytheist who raised a handful of dirt to his forehead [in] attempt of an old disabled man to participate in Muhammad's sjud in a sarcastic act of an enemy of Muhammad wishing to dishonor the Islamic prayer". The book's Turkish translator Aziz Nesin was the intended target of a mob of arsonists who set fire to the Madimak Hotel after Friday prayers on 2 July 1993 in Sivas, Turkey, killing 37 people, mostly Alevi scholars, poets and musicians. hur mnga svenskar har 10 miljoner. In Rubin's recent contribution to the debate, questions of historicity are completely eschewed in favor of an examination of internal textual dynamics and what they reveal about early medieval Islam. According to W. J. Weatherby, influences on The Satanic Verses were listed as James Joyce, Italo Calvino, Franz Kafka, Frank Herbert, Thomas Pynchon, Mervyn Peake, Gabriel Garca Mrquez, Jean-Luc Godard, J. G. Ballard and William S. [32], This article is about the novel. First one is what Tabari recorded from Younus bin Yazid, he from Ibn Shahab that Abu Bakr Ibn Abdul Rehman narrated me. 'Utba with his wife Shal bint Suhayl, and another group with them, numbering together 33 men. The book was overshadowed, however, by the blasphemy controversy. On 8 November 1988, the work received the Whitbread Award for novel of the year,[12] worth 20,000. Reference. But they also hold damaging implications in regard to the revelation as a whole, for Muhammad's revelation appears to have been based on his desire to soften the threat to the deities of the people. October 1993: The novel's Norwegian publisher. The Satanic Verses is a reflection of the authors dilemmas." Although the British Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher gave Rushdie round-the-clock police protection, many politicians on both sides were hostile to the author. 12 February 1989: Six people are killed and 100 injured when 10,000 attack the American Cultural Center in. Complaints included that it was "neither a critical appraisal nor a piece of historical research". However, a later verse Surah An-Najm (Verse 23) implies that they are fabricated by the forefathers of idolaters. Some support from non-Muslims. In Islamic fiqh, apostasy by a mentally sound adult male is a capital crime. Some speculate that the fatwa (or at least the reaffirmation of the death threat four days later) was issued with motives other than a sense of duty to protect Islam by punishing blasphemy/apostasy. Further, it diminished Muhammad's own authority by giving the priests of Uzza, Manat, and Allat the ability to pronounce oracles contradicting his message. 1. To gain the upper hand from Saudi Arabia in the struggle for international leadership of the Muslim world. They did not invite the author Fay Weldon, who spoke out against burning books, but did invite Shabbir Akhtar, a Cambridge philosophy graduate who called for "a negotiated compromise" that "would protect Muslim sensibilities against gratuitous provocation". Hawting writes that the satanic verses incident would not serve to justify or exemplify a theory that God reveals something and later replaces it himself with another true revelation. [12] In March 1989, it was also banned in Malaysia. It is thought to be based on the ninth chapter of the Qur'an, called At-Tawba, verse 61: "Some of them hurt the prophet by saying, 'He is all ears!' [9] English writer Hanif Kureishi called the fatwa "one of the most significant events in postwar literary history". "[2] He has also said "It's a novel which happened to contain a castigation of Western materialism. along comes 9/11, and now many people say that, in hindsight, the fatwa was the prologue and this is the main event. When they realised that Iran's reaction, its breaking of diplomatic relations with London, could also include them, they quickly sent back their ambassadors to Tehran to prevent further Iranian reaction". Each led rival blocs of international institutions and media networks, and "the Saudi government, it should be remembered, had led the anti-Rushdie campaign for months". Rushdie has the power of description, and we succumb.The Times (London), Barnes & Noble Indiebound Powells Random House. The Times (London, England), 18 February 1989, accessed via Infotrac. [23], In Britain, the Union of Islamic Students' Associations in Europe, which is the largest collective of Islamic Students in Europe,[citation needed] issued a statement offering to commit murder for Khomeini. "[6] First published in September 1988, the book was inspired by the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Blasphemy is an old story and can no longer shock". Be the first one to, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). He also states that the date for the verse 22:52 is later than 53:2127 and almost certainly belongs to the Medinan period. The phrase Arab historians and later Muslims used to describe the incident of the withdrawn verses was not "Satanic verses", but the gharaniq verses; the phrase "Satanic verses" was unknown to Muslims, and was coined by Orientalist Western academics specialising in the study of cultures considered eastern. [10], Timothy Brennan called the work "the most ambitious novel yet published to deal with the immigrant experience in Britain" that captures the immigrants' dream-like disorientation and their process of "union-by-hybridization". Arguments for rejection are found in Muhammad Abduh's article "Masalat al-gharnq wa-tafsr al-yt",[yearneeded] Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayat Muhammad",[yearneeded] Sayyid Qutb's "Fi Zilal al-Quran" (1965), Abul Ala Maududi's "Tafhim-ul-Quran" (1972) and Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani's "Nasb al-majnq li-nasf al-gharnq". "All this Western art-house crap." His top ten of everything came from "back home", and was aggressively lowbrow. The first use of the expression in English is attributed to Sir William Muir in 1858. While the authors of the tafsr texts during the first two centuries of the Islamic era do not seem to have regarded the tradition as in any way inauspicious or unflattering to Muhammad, it seems to have been universally rejected by at least the 13th century, and most modern Muslims likewise see the tradition as problematic, in the sense that it is viewed as "profoundly heretical because, by allowing for the intercession of the three pagan female deities, they eroded the authority and omnipotence of Allah. [90], Late the next year, Rushdie declared, "I want to reclaim my life", and in December signed a declaration "affirming his Islamic faith and calling for Viking-Penguin, the publisher of The Satanic Verses, neither to issue the book in paperback nor to allow it to be translated". [12] His 1983 roman clef Shame "took an aim on Pakistan, its political characters, its culture and its religion [It covered] a central episode in Pakistan's internal life, which portrays as a family squabble between Iskander Harappa (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) and his successor and executioner Raza Hyder (Zia ul-Haq) 'The Virgin Ironpants' has been identified as Benazir Bhutto, a Prime Minister of Pakistan". Introduction In this index, I have tried to collect all the instances of names as well as certain ideas in The Satanic Verses.Page references are to the Viking/Penguin hardback (London, 1988) as well as to the international Consortium paperback (Dover, Delaware, 1992) editions. [12] The last nation to ban the book was Venezuela, in June 1989. On 7 March 1989, the United Kingdom and Iran broke diplomatic relations over the Rushdie controversy.[38][39]. Rushdie forcefully denounced the Shah's government and supported the Islamic Revolution of Iran, at least in its early stages. 2.The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was infallible with regard to the conveying of his Message. Ten days prior to Igarashi's killing, Rushdie's Italian translator Ettore Capriolo was seriously injured by an attacker at his home in Milan by being stabbed multiple times on 3 July 1991. 124125. Wiggins's novel John Dollar was inscribed "To my beloved Salman"; The Satanic Verses, simply "For Marianne." The couple's lives turned to nightmare soon after Verses was published in Britain. Lastly, Haykal argues that the story is inconsistent with Muhammad's personal life and is completely against the spirit of the Islamic message.[23]. [13] He wrote a book bitterly critical of US foreign policy in general and its war in Nicaragua in particular, for example calling the United States government, "the bandit posing as sheriff". [80] Peregrine Worsthorne of The Sunday Telegraph feared that with Europe's growing Muslim population, "Islamic fundamentalism is rapidly growing into a much bigger threat of violence and intolerance than anything emanating from, say, the fascist National Front; and a threat, moreover, infinitely more difficult to contain since it is virtually impossible to monitor, let alone stamp out ". Objections to the incident were raised as early as the fourth Islamic century, such as in the work of an-Nahhs and continued to be raised throughout later generations by scholars such as Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (d. 1157), Fakhr ad-Din Razi (1220) as well as al-Qurtubi (1285). You find the nothingness wrapping you up, like a sound. January 1989: Islamic Defense Council demands that. I call on all valiant Muslims wherever they may be in the world to kill them without delay, so that no one will dare insult the sacred beliefs of Muslims henceforth. Published in 2000 the book become immediate popular and critical acclaim in fiction, Historical books. Rushdie was put under police protection after the issuance of Khomeinis fatwa, and he spent the better part of the next decade in hiding before the government of Iran declared in 1998 that it no longer sought to enforce it. Some Muslims considered its fanciful and satiric use of Islam blasphemous, and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran condemned the book and issued a fatwa in 1989 calling for the killing of Rushdie as well as his editors and publishers. [31], In February, when the US edition was published, a new round of reviews and criticism began. Welch states that the story falsely claims that the chapter 53:120 and the end of the chapter are a unity. [11], Shahab Ahmed, author of a book on the satanic verses in early Islam, observed that in the era of early tafsirs and srah/maghazi literature, the satanic verses incident was near universally accepted by the early Muslim community and illustrative of a concept of prophethood involving an ongoing struggle. 26 September 1988: The novel is published in the UK. In the words of one observer, "If this is not an insult, Khomeini was far more tolerant than one might suppose". One of the most controversial and acclaimed novels ever written,The Satanic Verses is Salman Rushdies best-known and most galvanizing book. used only once in the text). [18][19] According to Daniel Pipes,[20] when attention was drawn to a book with this title, "Muslims found [it] incredibly sacrilegious", and took it to imply that the book's author claimed that verses of the Qur'an were "the work of the Devil". Shahabuddin, Syed. Key Findings. He also discusses some narrations whose chains go back to Ibn 'Abbs, including one (riwayah 40 in Ahmed's book) which was considered reliable by some scholars, though al-Albani rejected it due to limited biographical information on one of the transmitters, and a similar one (riwayah 41) which Ahmed describes as "an equally - if not more - reliable isnd that has apparently gone unnoticed by later commentators". 13 February 1989: One person is killed and over 100 injured in anti-Rushdie riots in Srinagar. Nygaard survived, but spent months in the hospital recovering. With Mobeen Azhar, Sadia Hameed. What he had said about their gods pleased and delighted them, and they gave ear to him. One of the immediate consequences of the fatwa was a worsening of Islamic-Western relations. Over the next few days, Iranian officials offered a bounty of $6million for killing Rushdie, who was thus forced to live under police protection for the next nine years. 1990: Five bombings target bookstores in England. 20 October 1988: Union of Muslim Organisations of the UK writes the British government pressing for a ban of. A bounty put in place by an Iranian foundation in 1989 to reward anyone who would kill Rushdie was increased several times into the 21st century. Heinrichs. Burton, "Those are the high-flying cranes", Quoted by I.R Netton in "Text and Trauma: An East-West Primer" (1996) p. 86, Routledge, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The "Satanic Verses" | Common Errors in English Usage and More | Washington State University", "The Satanic Verses in Early Shiite Literature: A Minority Report on Shahab Ahmed's Before Orthodoxy", http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/019.sbt.html, "Those Are The High Flying Claims" (Refutation of the Christian missionary writings on the so-called "Satanic verses"), The "Satanic Verses" story was never taken seriously by Islamic scholars, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&oldid=1132125537, This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 10:55. Al-Qurtubi (al-Jmi' li ahkm al-Qur'n) dismisses all these variants in favor of the explanation that once Sra al-Najm was safely revealed the basic events of the incident (or rumors of them) "were now permitted to occur to identify those of his followers who would accept Muhammad's explanation of the blasphemous imposture" (JSS 15, pp. ENGR 307. Rubin makes similar comments about an isnad involving another companion, Makhrama bin Nawfal. Due to its controversial nature, the tradition of the Satanic Verses never made it into any of the canonical hadith compilations (though possible truncated versions of the incident did). Here, the Quran is stating the general pattern the enemies of the messengers of Allah followed when they were positively convinced that the people were paying attention to the teachings of the messengers of Allah and sincerely believing in them. 1991), pp. [16] The reference and exegesis about the Verses appear in early histories. Similarly, Alford T. Welch, in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, argues that the "implausibility" argument alone is insufficient to guarantee the tradition's authenticity. Gibreel eventually realizes that Saladin has tricked him and resolves to kill him. Rodinson writes that this concession, however, diminished the threat of the Last Judgment by enabling the three goddesses to intercede for sinners and save them from eternal damnation. However, his rage at Gibreel for failing to intervene when he was arrested eventually transforms Saladin back into a fully human man. Muslims around the world protested the book's publishing, and Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa sentencing Rushdie to death, saying that the book blasphemed Muhammad and his wives. Fatwa was a worsening of Islamic-Western relations from Bombay ( Mumbai ) to London, England ) Whitbread! Over the Rushdie controversy. [ 24 ] [ 39 ] pressing a... 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